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THE  LONDON  COMPANY 

OF  VIRGINIA 


THE 

LONDON  COMPANY 

OF  VIRGINIA 

A  BRIEF  ACCOUNT  OF  ITS  TRANSACTIONS 
IN  COLONIZING  VIRGINIA 

WITH 

PHOTOGRAVURES 

OF  THE  MORE  PROMINENT  LEADERS  REPRODUCED 
FROM  THE  COLLECTION  OF  HISTORICAL  PORTRAITS  AT 
OAKRIDGE,  NELSON  COUNTY,  VIRGINIA.  SECURED  FOR 
EXHIBITION     AT      THE     JAMESTOWN      EXPOSITION      BY 

THOMAS    FORTUNE    RYAN 


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xiOVv^-^-! 


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NEW  YORK  AND  LONDON 

1908 


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THIS    COPY    IS     ONE    OF    AN    EDITION 

OF    THREE     HUNDRED     COPIES 

PRINTED  FROM   TYPE   BY 


lltO^y  OVT0I5 

at    -i    Y^OUUdTtoVTH 

■y^,- 


No..^i':3 


INTRODUCTION 

The  Jamestown  Exposition  of  1907  was  in  commemoration  of  the  Ter- 
centenary of  the  first  permanent  settlement  of  Enghsh-speaking  people 
on  the  Continent  of  America.  The  most  potent  factor  in  the  promo- 
tion of  that  settlement  was  the  London  Company,  and  it  seemed,  there- 
fore, appropriate  that  in  the  celebration  of  an  event  of  such  historic 
significance  a  most  honorable  place  should  be  given  to  those  who  were 
prominently  identified  with  the  movement  which  resulted  in  giving  to 
America  the  greatest  and  freest  government  in  the  world. 

The  question  as  to  how  this  could  best  be  done  was  not  easily  answered. 
I  was  Governor  of  the  Division  of  History,  Education  and  Social  Econ- 
omy at  the  Jamestown  Exposition.  I  consulted  with  my  able  and 
learned  associate.  Dr.  J.  A.  C.  Chandler,  Director  of  the  Division,  and 
the  result  was  a  determination  to  secure  portraits  of  some  of  those  who 
had  been  most  influential  in  shaping  the  policy  of  the  London  Company 
of  Virginia.  There  was  no  such  collection  either  in  England  or  this 
country,  and  in  making  one  there  were  many  difficulties  to  be  overcome. 
The  original  portraits  were  to  be  found  in  many  different  places :  Some 
were  owned  by  the  English  Government,  others  were  part  of  great  public 
galleries,  and  still  others  were  in  private  collections.  The  privilege  of 
copying  these  had  to  be  obtained  from  their  several  owners,  and  when  this 


177204 


INTRODUCTION 

was  finally  done,  I  found  myself  confronted  with  a  still  more  difficult  prob- 
lem. The  Exposition  Company  had  no  money  to  appropriate  for  such  a 
purpose.  The  State  of  Virginia  would  doubtless  have  made  an  appropriation 
such  as  was  necessary ,  but  her  General  Assembly  was  not  in  session  and  there 
was  no  one  authorized  to  act  for  her.  To  undertake  to  secure  the  sum 
desired  by  application  to  many  contributors  was  impracticable;  so  I 
turned  to  my  honored  friend,  Mr.  Thomas  Fortune  Ryan,  whose  devo- 
tion to  the  Old  Dominion  was  never  more  beautifully  illustrated  than  in 
the  prompt  and  generous  manner  with  which  he  responded  to  my  request 
and  authorized  me  to  secure,  without  regard  to  cost,  the  collection  which 
was  known  as  the  "Thomas  F.  Ryan  Historical  Collection,"  and  was 
universally  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  attractive  features 
of  the  History  Building  at  the  Jamestown  Exposition.  The  charm  of 
it  all  was  the  delightful  manner  in  which  Mr.  Ryan  received  the  sugges- 
tion, saying  as  he  gave  me  the  order  to  secure  the  paintings,  "  I  am  never 
happier  than  when  I  am  doing  something  to  make  whatever  Virginia 
undertakes  appear  more  beautiful  and  attractive  to  the  world." 

This  valuable  historic  collection  now  occupies  a  conspicuous  place  in 
the  art  gallery  of  "Oakridge,"  the  magnificent  country  residence  of  Mr. 
Ryan,  in  Nelson  County,  Virginia. 

This  volume  contains  a  short  history  of  the  London  Company  of  Vir- 
ginia, photogravures  of  each  of  the  portraits  and  brief  biographies,  and 
it  is  printed  by  Mr.  Ryan  for  private  circulation  among  his  friends  who 
may  not  have  the  privilege  of  seeing  the  originals,  but  who  will  thus  be 
enabled  in  some  measure  to  enjoy  with  him  this  beautiful  and  valuable 
collection,  which  his  love  for  Virginia  first  prompted  him  to  gather,  and 
which  he  preserves  as  a  reminder  of  one  of  the  most  historic  of  Expo- 
sitions ever  held  in  America.  t   'r-  t? 

J.  Taylor  Ellyson. 

May  20,  1908. 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 


^HE  beginnings  of  permanent  English  coloniza- 
tion in  America  form  perhaps  the  most  interest- 
ing chapter  in  the  history  of  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  germs  of  English 
colonial  ambitions  are  to  be  traced  as  far  back  as 
the  first  explorations  of  the  Cabots,  who  immedi- 
ately after  the  discovery  of  western  lands  by  Co- 
lumbus explored  the  coast  of  North  America  from  Labrador  as  far  south 
probably  as  Florida.  For  seventy-five  years  England  made  no  attempt  at 
settlement.  Finally,  however,  in  the  reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  during 
that  wonderful  period  of  English  enterprise  following  upon  the  religious 
wars  on  the  continent,  interest  in  discoveries  was  again  awakened  and 
with  it  came  experiments  in  colonization.  In  1583  the  first  English 
settlement  was  made  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland  by  Sir  Humphrey 
Gilbert,  a  half  brother  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.     Dissensions  soon  broke 

1:73 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

out  among  Gilbert's  adventurers  and  the  colony  was  abandoned.  On 
the  return  voyage  Gilbert  himself  was  lost  in  a  severe  storm  which 
wrecked  the  tiny  craft  in  which  he  was  sailing. 

His  enterprising  spirit  had  its  influence  upon  Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 
He  immediately  secured  letters  patent  from  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  in  1584 
sent  out  two  ships  under  Captains  Barlow  and  Amadas  to  select  in  ad- 
vance a  site  for  the  colony.  They  explored  the  present  coast  of  North 
Carolina  and  returned  to  England  with  glowing  accounts  of  the  new 
world.  In  honor  of  herself,  the  "Virgin  Queen,"  Elizabeth  named  all 
of  the  territory  claimed  by  England  "Virginia." 

It  appears  that  under  the  patronage  of  the  Queen,  Raleigh  had  no 
difficulty  in  securing  adventurers  for  his  daring  undertaking,  and  in 
1585,  a  fleet  under  the  command  of  Richard  Grenville  carried  a  colony 
to  Roanoke  Island. 

Among  the  colonists  were  John  White,  an  English  artist,  and 
Thomas  Hariot,  a  mathematician,  both  of  whom  were  clients  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh.  Hariot  wrote  an  account  of  his  observations,  which 
was  the  first  book  ever  published  on  Virginia.  White  made  a  series  of 
water-color  sketches  showing  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  In- 
dians. 

After  a  year's  existence  the  colony  was  visited  by  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
a  gentleman  pirate,  the  first  Englishman  to  circumnavigate  the  globe. 
At  the  earnest  solicitation  of  the  colonists  they  were  taken  back  to  Eng- 
land by  Drake's  fleet. 

It  was  from  Roanoke  that  the  English  first  secured  tobacco  and  the 
white  potato.  Everybody  knows  the  old  stories  of  how  Raleigh  weighed 
the  smoke  for  Queen  Elizabeth  and  of  how  his  man-servant,  coming 
upon  him  one  day  while  he  was  enjoying  his  pipe,  dashed  a  mug  of  ale 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

in  his  face,  thinking  that  his  master  was  on  fire.  The  potato  was  taken 
by  Raleigh  and  sent  to  his  estate  in  Ireland.  It  was  soon  found  to  be 
one  of  the  most  valuable  products  that  could  be  raised  on  the  Emerald 
Isle,  and  became  the  staple  food  of  the  Irish  people,  hence  its  name 
"Irish  Potato." 

Though  the  first  attempt  at  settlement  by  Raleigh  was  a  failure,  he 
was  not  discouraged.  The  following  year  he  sent,  under  the  direction 
of  John  White,  a  body  of  one  hundred  settlers.  Returning  to  Roanoke 
Island  they  restored  the  ruined  huts  which  had  been  abandoned  the 
previous  year.  Raleigh  had  instructed  the  colonists  to  enter  the  Chesa- 
peake Bay  and  settle  near  the  present  site  of  Norfolk,  which  had  been 
visited  by  White  and  Hariot  in  their  explorations.  The  pilot,  how- 
ever, steered  his  boat  in  the  wrong  direction  and  carried  the  settlers 
back  to  Roanoke. 

White  soon  returned  to  England  for  supplies.  But  in  the  meantime 
England  was  about  to  go  to  war  with  Spain,  and  the  whole  attention  of 
the  nation  was  engrossed  in  preparations  to  repel  the  invasion  by  the 
Spanish  Armada.  White  was  therefore  unable  to  return  immediately  to 
the  colony.  When  he  finally  reached  Roanoke,  three  years  later,  he 
found  that  the  settlement  had  been  abandoned  by  the  eighty-nine  men, 
seventeen  women,  and  eleven  children  whom  he  had  left.  On  leaving 
he  had  instructed  the  colonists  that  in  case  they  were  forced  to  give  up 
Roanoke  Island  they  should  carve  upon  some  conspicuous  object  the 
name  of  the  place  to  which  they  removed.  It  was  further  agreed  that 
if  they  had  gone  away  in  distress  that  a  cross  would  be  carved  above 
the  name  of  the  place.  Search  of  the  devastated  settlement  revealed 
on  a  tree  within  the  fort  the  word  "Croatan"  carved  without  a  cross 
above  it,  indicating,  according  to  the  agreement,  that  they  had  not  been 

191 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

driven  away  in  distress.  Five  different  expeditions  were  sent  out  in 
search  of  the  unfortunate  colonists,  but  nothing  was  ever  learned  of 
their  fate.  This  was  the  last  time  that  Raleigh  made  an  attempt 
directly  to  establish  a  colony  in  America. 

The  State  of  North  Carolina  has  remembered  Raleigh's  connection 
with  that  part  of  Virginia  out  of  which  it  has  been  formed,  and  has 
named  its  capital  after  the  father  of  American  colonization — Raleigh. 
Moreover,  his  attempt  to  fix  a  settlement  is  marked  by  a  monument  on 
Roanoke  Island  which  bears  the  following  inscription: 

On  this  site  in  July-August  1585  (O.S.),  colonists,  sent  out 
from  England  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  built  a  fort,  called  by  them 
*•  The  New  Fort  in  Virginia." 

These  colonists  were  the  first  settlers  of  the  English  race  in 
America.  They  returned  to  England  in  July  1586,  with  Sir 
Francis  Drake. 

Near  this  place  was  born,  on  the  i8th  of  August,  1587,  Vir- 
ginia Dare,  the  first  child  of  English  parents  born  in  America — 
daughter  of  Ananias  Dare  and  Eleanor  White,  his  wife,  members  of 
another  band  of  colonists,  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  1587. 

On  Sunday,  August  20,  1587,  Virginia  Dare  was  baptized. 
Manteo,  the  friendly  chief  of  the  Hatteras  Indians,  had  been 
baptized  on  the  Sunday  preceding.  These  baptisms  are  the  first 
known  celebrations  of  a  Christian  sacrament  in  the  territory  of  the 
thirteen  original  United  States. 

The  colonial  attempts  of  Gilbert  and  Raleigh  are  memorable  by 
reason  of  the  fact  that  they  were  the  first  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  Eng- 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

lish  to  establish  colonies  in  any  part  of  the  world.  These  efforts  resulted 
from  two  causes:  first,  a  desire  on  the  part  of  the  English  people  to 
extend  their  commercial  enterprises,  and  second,  a  desire  on  the  part  of 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh  to  prevent  further  colonization  of  North  America 
by  the  Spaniards.  To  Raleigh  the  Spanish  power  was  despicable.  He 
was  a  bitter  opponent,  therefore,  of  any  policy  which  looked  toward  an 
extension  of  Spanish  possessions.  He  had  great  visions  of  a  British  colo- 
nial empire  that  would  overshadow  the  Spanish  colonial  dominion.  The 
time  was  not  ripe  for  the  success  of  his  scheme,  but  with  the  evolution 
of  the  years  came  the  realization  of  Raleigh's  dream.  The  English 
colonial  empire  is  to-day  the  greatest  that  the  world  has  ever  known, 
while  the  Spaniards  have  finally  lost  their  entire  colonial  possessions  as 
a  result  of  the  Spanish-American  War. 

The  year  1606  marked  a  change  from  the  system  of  private  at- 
tempts at  colonization  to  that  of  corporate  efforts.  During  the  several 
years  previous  to  this  date  a  number  of  private  voyages  of  discovery  were 
indeed  sent  out,  but  no  substantial  progress  was  made  in  the  direction  of 
establishing  a  permanent  colony  on  the  American  shore.  It  was  a 
desire  for  commercial  profits  which  led  corporate  enterprises  to  under- 
take the  establishment  of  trade  colonies  in  the  New  World.  All  of 
these  enterprises,  both  private  and  corporate,  were  undertaken  under  the 
patronage  of  the  government,  and  it  was  the  function  of  the  government 
to  legalize  them.  It  was  left,  however,  to  the  individuals  or  companies 
that  proposed  to  plant  the  colonies,  to  promote  and  finance  their 
schemes  of  colonization.  And  it  was  out  of  this  union  of  governmental 
and  private  interests  in  active  cooperation  that  proprietary  colonies  arose 
in  America. 

With  the  failure  of  Raleigh's  attempts  at  colonization,  it  became 

DO 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

apparent  to  those  in  England  who  had  their  eyes  turned  toward  the  pos- 
sibilities of  rich  rewards  in  the  New  World,  that  a  strong  corporation 
might  succeed  in  accomplishing  what  individuals  had  failed  to  bring 
about.  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  who,  in  1602,  had  made  a  voyage  to 
America,  was  perhaps  the  prime  mover  of  the  establishment  of  the  first 
permanent  settlement  in  Virginia,  just  as  Captain  John  Smith,  after  the 
planting  of  the  colony,  was  perhaps  its  leading  spirit.  It  was  Gosnold 
who  succeeded  in  arousing  interest  among  certain  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry  in  England,  and  he,  himself,  together  with  Sir  Thomas  Gates 
and  Sir  George  Somers,  two  courageous  knights,  Robert  Hunt,  a  clergy- 
man, Richard  Hakluyt,  prebendary  of  Westminster,  Edward  Maria 
Wingfield,  a  London  merchant,  and  John  Smith,  a  soldier  of  fortune, 
became  the  nucleus  of  an  organization  which  ultimately  developed  into 
a  mammoth  colonial  trading  company.  King  James  I,  who  had  suc- 
ceeded Elizabeth  in  1603,  lent  his  sanction  to  the  undertaking,  and  in 
1606  issued  a  charter  to  the  body  of  patentees.  In  their  colonial  enter- 
prises Gilbert  and  Raleigh  had  indeed  formed  associations  for  the  accom- 
plishment of  their  schemes,  and  Raleigh,  who  himself  never  made  the 
voyage  to  Virginia,  yielded  to  his  association  most  of  the  powers  and 
concessions  contained  in  his  letters  patent  from  the  Queen.  The  dif- 
ference, however,  between  these  organizations  and  that  effected  by  the 
charter  of  1 606  was  first,  that  the  Virginia  Company  as  a  corporation 
owed  its  existence  directly  to  the  crown,  and  secondly,  it  operated  under 
many  more  restrictions  as  to  governmental  and  territorial  powers,  as  well 
as  in  regard  to  the  monopoly  of  trade,  than  were  applied  to  the  royal 
grants  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Raleigh,  for  instance,  could  grant  land 
in  fee  simple  at  will,  but  under  the  first  Virginia  charter  land  was 
granted  by  the  King  to  those  who  were  approved  by  the  Council. 

1:12: 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

The  formation  of  the  London  or  Virginia  Company  was  not  with- 
out its  prototypes  in  the  previous  history  of  English  commerce.  In 
its  commercial  spirit  it  was  closely  akin  to  the  private  feudal  grants  of 
Elizabeth  during  the  sixteenth  century,  and  in  its  organization  it  fol- 
lowed closely  the  private  trade  companies  dating  as  far  back  as  the  early 
part  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Especially,  however,  did  the  charter  of 
the  British  East  India  Company,  issued  by  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1600, 
serve  as  a  pattern  for  the  charters  issued  by  King  James  I.  The  East 
India  Company,  consisting  of  more  than  125  members  and  enjoying  an 
absolute  monopoly  of  trade  and  almost  unlimited  governmental  powers 
within  its  geographical  boundaries,  became  the  most  stupendous  colonial 
trading  company  that  the  world  has  ever  known,  maintaining  its  exist- 
ence for  more  than  two  centuries  and  a  half. 

By  the  terms  of  the  charter  given  under  the  seal  of  James  I  on  the 
tenth  of  April,  1606,  authority  was  given  for  the  establishment  of  two 
colonies  in  Virginia,  the  name  applied  at  that  time  to  the  whole  of  the 
vast  area  claimed  by  England  in  the  New  World.  The  Southern 
Colony  was  to  be  planted  by  the  London  Company  with  its  northern 
boundary  reaching  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson  River ;  the 
Northern  Colony  was  intrusted  to  the  Plymouth  Company  with  its 
southern  boundary  marked  by  the  Potomac  River.  The  possession  of 
the  territory  included  between  the  Hudson  and  the  Potomac,  which  was 
assigned  to  both  companies,  was  to  be  determined  by  priority  of  set- 
tlement, the  charter  providing  that  neither  company  might  establish  a 
settlement  within  one  hundred  miles  of  a  colony  previously  planted  by 
the  other.  The  names  of  the  companies  soon  fell  into  disuse  ;  and  the 
territory  of  the  Southern  Colony  became  known  as  Virginia,  while  that 
of  the  Northern  Colony  was  called  New  England. 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

It  was  the  Plymouth  Company  which  made  the  first  effort  to  fix  a 
colony  under  the  charter  which  had  been  granted  in  the  names  of 
Raleigh  Gilbert,  William  Parker,  Thomas  Hanham,  and  George  Pop- 
ham.  In  May,  1606,  a  band  of  settlers  was  started  on  its  westward 
journey.  They  established  themselves  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec 
River,  but  the  privations  of  the  bitter  winter  and  the  death  of  some  of 
their  leading  spirits  proved  too  great  for  their  endurance.  When  in  the 
spring  a  supply  ship  arrived  from  home,  they  determined  to  abandon 
their  miserable  settlement,  and  the  whole  company  reembarked  for 
England.  Thus  the  first  and  only  serious  attempt  of  the  Plymouth 
Company  to  establish  a  colony  ended  in  failure. 

The  London  Company  had  been  intrusted,  under  the  terms  of  the 
charter,  to  Sir  Thomas  Gates,  Sir  George  Somers,  Richard  Hakluyt,  and 
Edward  Maria  Wingfield.  By  December,  1 606,  three  small  ships,  the 
Susan  Constant,  the  Godspeed,  and  the  Discovery,  had  been  put  in  readi- 
ness for  the  journey,  and  a  company  of  more  than  one  hundred  settlers 
set  sail  on  the  voyage  which  was  to  result  in  the  first  permanent  settle- 
ment on  the  shores  of  America. 

Among  the  adventurers  who  set  out  in  this  company  were  men  from 
every  rank  of  life.  Unfortunately  perhaps  for  the  new  settlement, 
more  than  half  of  the  whole  number  were  "gentlemen,"  while  car- 
penters and  laborers  were  in  a  distressing  minority.  It  was  the  original 
intention  of  the  settlers  to  establish  a  colony  on  the  site  of  Raleigh's 
settlement  at  Roanoke  Island,  but  a  violent  storm  drove  the  ships  into 
the  Chesapeake  Bay.  There  the  storm  abated,  and  because  of  the 
shelter  and  comfort  which  the  harbor  afforded  after  the  recent  dangers 
of  the  sea,  they  called  the  place  on  the  western  shore  of  the  bay  to 
which  their  vessels  were  directed.  Point  Comfort.     From  the  present 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

site  of  Hampton  they  proceeded  by  boat  up  the  river  which,  in  honor 
of  the  King,  they  called  the  "James."  About  forty  miles  from  the 
mouth  of  the  river  they  chose,  on  May  13,  1607,  a  site  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  their  colony;  Jamestow^n  they  called  it,  and  a  miserable 
location  it  proved  to  be,  a  low  peninsula  more  than  half  of  which  was 
covered  by  water  at  high  tide.  With  energy  and  enthusiasm  they  set 
about  felling  trees  and  building  temporary  huts.  Before  the  summer 
was  over  there  appeared  upon  the  banks  of  this  river  in  the  wilderness 
of  Virginia  something  that  approximated  a  civilized  community.  The 
first  charter  granted  to  the  London  Company  made  the  government  of 
the  colony  distinctly  a  creature  of  the  Crown.  The  affairs  of  the  Com- 
pany under  the  terms  of  the  charter  were  to  be  managed  by  a  Council 
appointed  by  the  King  and  responsible  to  him.  A  subordinate  Council 
was  to  be  appointed  in  the  colony  by  the  superior  Council  in  London. 
The  settlers  were,  however,  granted  about  the  same  degree  of  civil 
liberty  which  was  then  enjoyed  by  Englishmen  at  home.  Trial  by  jury 
was  secured  to  all  persons  charged  of  crime.  Only  a  few  offenses  were 
made  subject  to  capital  punishment,  and  it  was  provided  that  the 
colonial  Council  should  try  all  civil  causes.  The  communistic  or  co- 
operative idea  took  the  form  of  a  provision  by  which  all  products  of 
the  colony  for  a  period  of  five  years  were  to  be  brought  to  a  public 
storehouse  where  a  treasurer,  or  Cape  Merchant  as  the  officer  was 
called,  was  given  the  power  to  apportion  them  in  accordance  with  the 
necessities  of  the  individual  members  of  the  community.  The  Church 
of  England  was  made  the  established  church  of  the  colony.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  under  this  first  charter  the  colonists  of  the  London  Company 
enjoyed  no  very  generous  degree  of  civil  liberty,  for  their  local  govern- 
ment was  strictly  subordinated  to  the  control  of  the  King  through  his 

D5] 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

Council  in  London.  It  was  indeed  only  a  modification  of  this  form  of 
government  which  was  reinstated  when  the  London  Company  was  dis- 
solved in  1624,  With  the  exception  of  John  Smith  and  Bartholomew 
Gosnold,  the  members  of  the  Virginia  Council  proved  to  be  utterly  lack- 
ing in  the  capacity  for  leadership  which  was  necessary  to  put  the  infant 
I  colony  upon  a  self-supporting  basis.  The  promise  for  the  future  was 
not  auspicious.  Gosnold  soon  died,  and  Smith,  being  under  arrest  be- 
cause of  a  jealousy  of  his  ability  and  influence,  was,  in  consequence, 
excluded  from  the  debates  of  the  Council.  In  the  meantime  famine 
and  sickness  descended  upon  the  settlement  and  swept  off  about  half  of  the 
colonists  while  factious  elements  within  the  Council  made  it  almost  impos- 
sible adequately  to  provide  for  the  community  the  bare  necessities  of  life. 

In  the  winter  of  1607  Smith,  having  been  vindicated  of  the  charges 
against  him,  made  the  voyage  up  the  Chickahominy  River  and  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Indians.  It  was  at  this  time,  as  the  story  goes,  that  he 
was  saved  from  death  by  the  intervention  of  Pocahontas,  then  a  girl  of 
twelve  or  thirteen  years  of  age,  and  the  favorite  daughter  of  King  Pow- 
hatan. Within  a  few  days  after  his  rescue  Smith  was  permitted  to 
return  to  Jamestown,  and  it  was  largely  due  to  his  influence  and  to  that 
of  the  youthful  Pocahontas,  that  more  or  less  amicable  relations  were 
established  between  the  white  settlers  and  the  tribes  of  Indians  which 
threatened  the  destruction  of  Jamestown, 

For  two  years,  under  the  strong  hand  of  this  soldier-ruler,  the 
colony  fought  for  its  existence  against  the  overwhelming  odds  of  star- 
vation, illness,  and  threatened  attacks  of  the  Indians,  but  in  the  mean- 
time the  London  Company  succeeded  in  getting  new  concessions  from 
the  King  which  largely  increased  its  direct  powers  over  the  affairs  of 
the  colony. 

D6J 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

In  1609  a  second  charter  drawn  by  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  was  given  to 
the  Company  by  King  James,  and  under  it  the  colony  became  more  dis- 
tinctly proprietary  in  its  character.  The  governmental  functions  of  the 
King  were  now  taken  over  by  the  Company,  while  it  retained  in  addi- 
tion the  financial  and  commercial  responsibilities  of  the  undertaking. 
The  great  corporation  under  the  new  charter  consisted  of  no  less  than 
659  of  the  most  distinguished  noblemen,  knights,  and  gentlemen  of 
England,  as  well  as  some  fifty-six  companies  of  London.  The  most 
significant  feature  of  this  second  charter  was  the  provision  that  the 
Council  in  London  should  be  chosen  by  the  Company  itself  and  not 
appointed  by  the  King  as  the  original  charter  had  prescribed.  Sir 
Thomas  West,  Lord  Delaware,  was  made  the  Governor  and  Captain- 
General  of  Virginia,  Sir  Thomas  Gates  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  and 
Sir  George  Somers  the  Admiral,  under  the  new  charter.  The  geo- 
graphical boundaries  of  Virginia  were  also  changed  by  the  provisions 
that  the  limit  of  the  colony  should  extend  two  hundred  miles  south, 
and  two  hundred  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  James  River,  and 
west  and  northwest  from  sea  to  sea. 

Among  the  English  gentlemen  who  embarked  with  Gates  and 
Somers  in  the  ship  Sea-Venture  was  Master  John  Rolfe,  who,  several 
years  later,  having  become  enamoured  of  the  Princess  Pocahontas,  mar- 
ried her  and  took  her  with  him  back  to  England.  There  Pocahontas 
became  the  fashion  of  the  day.  She  was  lionized  and  courted  and 
favored  by  the  ladies  and  courtiers  of  London  society.  Lady  Dela- 
ware, the  wife  of  the  first  Governor  of  Virginia,  presented  her  at  court 
where  she  was  graciously  received  by  the  King  and  his  consort,  Queen 
Anne.  The  sensation  which  was  created  by  the  visit  of  Pocahontas  to 
London  was  not  without  its  effect  upon   the  Virginia  colony.     New 

[173 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

interest  was  awakened  in  this  land  beyond  the  seas  which  seemed  to  be 
personified  in  the  graceful  simplicity  of  the  Indian  maiden  Pocahontas, 
In  1612a  third  charter  was  granted  to  the  Virginia  Company  in 
order  that  the  Bermudas,  where  ambergris  had  been  recently  discovered, 
might  be  included  in  the  territory  of  the  colony.  But  the  charter 
contained  far  more  important  provisions  than  the  accession  of  the  Ber- 
mudas. All  the  privileges  of  the  charter  of  1 609  were  reaffirmed  and 
Virginia  was  no  longer  to  be  governed  by  a  Council  sitting  in  London. 
Authority  was  given  to  the  members  of  the  Company  to  sit  once  a  week, 
instead  of  at  long  intervals,  or  as  often  as  they  chose,  and  to  hold  four 
general  courts  every  year  for  the  consideration  of  the  affairs  of  the  Com- 
pany. It  was  a  dangerous  move  on  the  part  of  the  King,  for  the  new 
charter  in  reality  created  a  democratic  assembly  where  free  discussion 
might  place  the  royal  prerogative  in  jeopardy,  and  this  was  exactly  what 
happened.  It  must  be  remembered  that  King  James,  with  insolent 
stubbornness,  claimed  to  rule  by  divine  right.  In  his  own  eyes  his 
powers  were  superior  both  to  Parliament  and  to  the  laws  of  the  realm. 
The  result  was  that  a  fierce  struggle  for  power  arose  between  the  King 
and  Parliament  —  a  conflict  which,  continuing  throughout  the  reign  of 
King  James  and  being  taken  up  by  his  son,  Charles  I,  finally  culmi- 
nated in  civil  war.  Many  of  the  members  of  the  London  Company  dur- 
ing this  period  were  also  members  of  Parliament,  and,  as  a  rule,  at  the 
quarterly  sessions  of  the  London  Company  these  members  constituted 
from  one  third  to  one  half  of  those  present.  The  result  was  that  the 
questions  at  issue  between  the  King  and  Parliament  were  carried  into 
the  meetings  of  the  London  Company  for  discussion.  By  16 19  there 
was  a  segregation  of  parties  within  the  Company  on  the  question  of 
royal  and  parliamentary   powers.     One  element  of  the  Company  was 

D8D 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

friendly  to  the  King  and  desired  to  see  his  wishes  in  regard  to  the  colony 
of  Virginia  carried  out.  The  other  element  of  the  Company,  standing 
for  liberalism  in  government  as  opposed  to  the  despotism  of  the  royal 
prerogative,  sought  to  defeat  the  purposes  of  the  King  in  the  London 
Company,  even  though  they  were  unable  to  thwart  his  designs  in  Par- 
liament. Sir  Thomas  Smythe,  the  president  and  treasurer  of  the 
London  Company,  was  a  friend  of  the  King.  His  plans  for  the  man- 
agement of  the  Company  were  in  reality  dictated  by  the  King,  and  in 
every  quarterly  session  of  the  Company  he  had  as  the  advocates  of  his 
measures  the  strong  support  of  Robert  Rich  (Earl  of  Warwick),  Sir 
Nathan  Rich,  Sir  Henry  Mildmay,  and  others.  Most  of  the  faction  led 
by  Smythe  were  merchants  and  they  brought  to  their  discussions  the 
practical  ideas  of  business  men.  Opposed  to  them  was  a  faction  led  by 
Henry  Wriothesley,  third  earl  of  Southampton,  ably  supported  by  Sir 
Edwin  Sandys  and  his  brother,  George  Sandys;  the  Ferrars,  Nicholas 
and  John;  Lord  Sackville,  fourth  earl  of  Dorset,  and  William  Caven- 
dish, first  earl  of  Devonshire.  This  element  of  the  Company  was  com- 
posed largely  of  lords,  gentlemen,  and  knights.  In  1 6 1 9  the  liberal  ele- 
ment, in  control,  elected  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  as  president  and  treasurer  of 
the  Company. 

When,  in  1620,  the  question  arose  as  to  who  should  be  elected  treas- 
urer of  the  Company,  the  Southampton  faction  proposed  that  Sir  Edwin 
Sandys  should  be  continued  in  the  office.  The  King  was  incensed.  He 
sent  word  to  the  London  Company  to  choose  the  devil, but  not  Sir  Edwin; 
whereupon,  the  liberal  faction  withdrew  the  name  of  Sandys  and  nomi- 
nated the  Earl  of  Southampton.  To  the  King,  Southampton's  election 
was  even  more  obnoxious  than  that  of  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  would  have 
been.     From  this  time  on,  the  London  Company  did  not  enjoy  the  sup- 

[19] 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

port  of  the  King,  and  he  watched  every  opportunity  to  revoke  its 
charter.  Under  the  management  of  Southampton, —  a  management 
which  was  really  directed  by  Sir  Edwin  Sandys, —  the  Virginia  colony 
prospered.  Sir  George  Yeardley,  who  had  been  appointed  Governor  for 
the  first  time  in  1616,  was  returned  to  Virginia  three  years  later.  He 
proved  an  ideal  man,  allying  himself  with  the  liberal  faction  and  lending 
his  encouragement  to  the  cultivation  of  tobacco,  the  transportation  of 
young  women  to  the  colony  in  order  that  permanent  homes  might  be 
built,  the  introduction  of  herds  of  cattle,  and  many  other  improvements 
that  would  contribute  to  the  permanent  growth  and  general  economic 
development  of  the  colony.  In  two  years  the  population  of  Virginia 
had  trebled. 

When  in  1619  Sir  George  Yeardley  returned  to  Virginia  as  Gov- 
ernor-General of  the  colony,  he  was  given  by  the  Company  authority  to 
call  together  a  general  assembly  elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  colony. 
On  July  30,  1619,  the  first  legislative  body  that  ever  sat  in  America 
came  together  at  Jamestown.  The  spirit  of  the  assembly  is  perhaps 
well  portrayed  in  the  petition  to  the  Company  requesting  that  the  Virginia 
Assembly  be  permitted  to  disallow  orders  of  the  Company  in  court,  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  His  Majesty  had  given  the  Company  power  to  dis- 
allow laws  of  the  Virginia  Assembly.  For  the  most  part,  however,  the 
Assembly  undertook  to  handle  questions  only  of  local  significance. 

Under  this  liberal  government  it  was  then  proposed  to  establish 
schools  in  Virginia,  and  the  Reverend  Patrick  Copeland  gave  money  for 
this  purpose.  His  scheme  was  strongly  supported  by  the  Ferrars  and 
the  Sandyses.  As  early  as  1 6 1 8  a  college  was  authorized  for  Virginia, 
and  the  legislative  assembly  of  1619  passed  a  law  relative  to  the  con- 
struction of  the  college  building.     In  1620  George  Thorpe  came  over 

1^02 


THE  LONDON  COMPANY  OF  VIRGINIA 

as  superintendent  of  the  college  lands,  and  in  1622  Reverend  Patrick 
Copeland  was  persuaded  to  accept  the  position  of  rector.  But  during 
the  terrible  massacre  of  1622  the  college  property  was  destroyed,  and 
Copeland,  Virginia's  first  college  advocate,  never  came  to  take  up  his 
duties  as  rector. 

In  the  spring  of  1623  the  King  sent  commissioners  to  Virginia 
to  report  on  the  state  of  the  colony.  Their  report  was  adverse.  The 
commissioners  represented  that  all  the  ills  of  the  colony  resulted  from 
gross  mismanagement  under  popular  government.  By  quo  warranto 
proceedings,  therefore,  before  Chief  Justice  Ley,  the  charter  of  the  Com- 
pany was  dissolved  in  1624,  The  records  of  the  Company  from  1619 
to  1624  have  been  preserved  through  the  instrumentality  of  Nicholas 
Ferrar,  the  Younger,  who,  according  to  some  accounts,  had  the  copies 
made  by  an  expert. 

Virginia  now  became  a  royal  province,  but  the  good  wor-k  which  had 
been  begun  by  the  London  Company  could  not  be  undone.  Fortu- 
nately for  Virginia,  James  died  about  a  year  after  the  dissolution  of  the 
Company  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Charles  I.  It  had  been  James's 
purpose  to  take  away  from  the  colony  some  of  the  freedom  in  govern- 
mental affairs  which  had  been  enjoyed  under  the  London  Company; 
but  the  Assembly  of  Virginia  sent  a  delegation  to  England,  who,  by 
granting  to  Charles  certain  duties  on  tobacco  from  the  colony,  succeeded 
in  retaining  a  liberal  form  of  government  for  the  Virginia  colony. 
Thus  the  most  abiding  influence  of  the  London  Company  resulting  from 
the  settlement  of  Virginia  —  popular  government  —  was  left  a  living 
germ  from  which  has  developed  our  republican  form  of  government. 


1:21] 


PHOTOGRAVURES 


Queen  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Henry  VIII  and  Anne  Boleyn,  was  born 
in  1533  and  by  an  act  of  Parliament  in  1544  was  placed  in  the  direct  line 
for  succession  to  the  throne  after  Edward  and  Mary.  Mary  died  in 
November,  1558,  and  Elizabeth  ascended  the  throne  as  a  Protestant 
Queen.  The  early  years  of  her  reign  were  marked  by  dangerous  con- 
tinental complications,  but  her  intellectual  grasp  of  European  politics  was 
perhaps  far  in  advance  of  any  of  her  advisers.  The  reign  of  Elizabeth 
was  one  of  prosperity  in  England  —  a  prosperity  which  showed  itself 
especially  in  the  adventurous  undertakings  of  explorers  and  discoverers 
who,  under  the  patronage  of  the  Queen,  traversed  the  seas  between  Eu- 
rope and  America  in  search  of  the  supposed  Northwest  Passage  to  the 
east  or  to  find  stores  of  gold  and  precious  metals  in  unknown  lands. 
The  voyages  of  Raleigh  and  Gilbert  were  both  undertaken  under  the 
encouragement  given  by  Elizabeth,  and  to  her  the  name  Virginia  owes 
its  origin.  She  died  in  1603,  after  a  reign  of  more  than  forty  years,  in 
which  she  had  met  and  successfully  overcome  many  formidable  difficul- 
ties. Without  being  herself  a  blameless  type  of  womanhood  she  had 
exhibited  a  strength  of  character  and  a  political  foresight  which  is  un- 
common in  women  sovereigns.  Cromwell  it  was  who  said  of  her :  "  Queen 
Elizabeth  of  famous  memory;  we  need  not  be  ashamed  to  call  her  so!" 


Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  son  of  Otto  Gilbert,  was  born  at  Devon  in 
1539.  Although  educated  at  Eton  and  Oxford,  his  natural  inclination 
was  for  the  sea.  He,  therefore,  studied  navigation  and  the  art  of  war. 
In  1566  he  petitioned  the  Queen  for  the  privilege  of  making  discoveries 
in  the  northwest.  He  served  in  the  wars  in  Ireland  under  Sir  Henry 
Sidney  between  1566  and  1569,  where  he  was  knighted  for  bravery  in 
1570.  The  next  year  he  became  a  member  of  Parliament  for  Plymouth. 
He  wrote  a  "Discourse  of  a  Discovery  for  the  new  Pagge  to  Cataia." 
He  became  interested  in  Frobisher's  voyages,  and  in  1578  he  obtained 
letters  patent  from  the  Queen  for  establishing  a  colony  in  America. 
After  one  attempt,  in  which  he  failed,  he  finally  landed  at  Newfoundland 
in  1583,  and  explored  the  coast  as  far  south  probably  as  Florida.  In 
the  same  year  he  was  lost  at  sea. 


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Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  born  in  Devon,  England,  in  1552,  was  educated 
at  Oxford.  He  took  part  in  the  religious  wars  on  the  continent  between 
1569  and  1578.  Returning  to  England,  he  became  interested  in  the 
colonial  undertakings  of  his  half  brother,  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert.  With 
Gilbert  he  set  sail  for  America,  but  the  expedition  had  to  be  abandoned. 
In  1580  he  was  engaged  in  putting  down  the  revolt  in  Ireland.  He 
became  a  favorite  with  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  in  1582,  through  her  influ- 
ence, he  furnished  a  ship  for  Gilbert's  voyage  to  America.  In  1584  he 
himself  received  letters  patent  from  the  Queen  for  the  establishment  of 
a  colony  in  America.  In  the  same  year  he  became  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment and  a  year  later  was  knighted  at  Greenwich.  It  was  under  his 
letters  patent  that  he  made  two  attempts  to  plant  a  colony  on  Roanoke 
Island.  In  1589  he  transferred  the  grants  which  he  held  from  the 
Queen  to  Thomas  Smythe  and  others.  He  fought  against  the  Spanish 
Armada  and  otherwise  served  in  the  army  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  A  few 
years  later  he  made  a  voyage  to  Guiana  and  on  his  return  published  an 
account  of  it.  During  most  of  these  years  he  served  as  a  member  of 
Parliament  for  different  places  in  England.  In  1603  he  was  tried  and 
convicted  on  the  charge  of  being  implicated  in  the  Main  conspiracy. 
For  more  than  twelve  years  he  remained  confined  in  the  Tower  of  Lon- 
don. In  161 7  he  sailed  again  for  Guiana,  where  he  made  an  attack  on 
the  Spaniards.  On  his  return  to  England  a  year  later  he  was  arrested, 
tried,  and  beheaded.      He  was  buried  at  St.  Margaret's,  Westminster. 


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Sir  Richard  Grenville  (Granville)  was  born  in  1540.  Early  in  his 
life  he  fought  against  the  Turks  in  the  Hungarian  army  and  attained 
eminent  distinction  for  his  services.  He  became  a  member  of  Parlia- 
ment in  1 571,  and  a  few  years  later  began  to  manifest  interest  in  the  new 
discoveries  which  were  being  agitated.  He  lent  his  assistance  to  the  ex- 
peditions of  Amadas  and  Barlow  in  1 584,  and  himself  conducted  the  first 
colony  to  Virginia  in  1585.  He  returned  to  England  the  next  year  to 
secure  supplies  for  the  settlement  on  Roanoke  Island.  In  1588  he 
engaged  in  the  fight  against  the  Spanish  Armada,  and  two  years  later, 
during  the  war  with  Spain,  he  was  killed  in  a  desperate  battle  waged 
against  the  Spanish  Plate  fleet. 


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Sir  Francis  Drake  was  probably  the  son  of  Robert  Drake  of  Otterton. 
He  was  born  somewhere  between  1538  and  1546.  At  an  early  date 
he  went  to  sea,  making  frequent  voyages  to  various  parts  of  the  world, 
especially  to  the  West  Indies.  In  1573  he  took  service  under  the  Earl 
of  Essex  in  Ireland.  Between  1577  and  1580  he  made  the  first  voyage 
of  an  Englishman  around  the  world,  for  which  he  was  knighted  by 
Queen  Elizabeth.  It  was  Drake  who,  in  1586,  took  back  to  England  in 
his  fleet  the  half-perished  colonists  at  Roanoke  Island.  He  fought 
against  the  Spanish  Armada  in  1588  and  in  the  Portugal  expedition  a 
year  later.  He  died  in  1596  near  Porto  Bello  while  on  his  last  voyage 
to  the  West  Indies,  and  was  buried  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Drake,  like 
most  of  the  discoverers  and  sea-rovers  of  his  day,  was  a  pirate,  but  he 
seems  to  have  been  a  man  of  not  only  dashing  courage  but  of  some 
fine  parts. 


Sir  Francis  Drake, 

From  tlie  original  in 

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/rem     (hr.  pai*i.ti4^a  AfV  Mte    ^J^vmJki  ./to-u^^.^oruja^ty. 


op  THE 


King  James  I  of  England  was  born  in  Edinburgh  in  1566  and  a  year 
later  succeeded  his  mother,  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  to  the  throne  of 
Scotland  as  James  VI.  Upon  the  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth  in  1603, 
he  was  proclaimed  King  of  England,  taking  the  title  of  James  I.  He 
was  a  man  of  some  ability,  but  his  reign  was  overshadowed  by  the  one 
dominating  idea  of  his  mind  that  he  reigned  by  divine  will.  He  seems 
to  have  had  a  generous  love  for  his  country,  and,  in  spite  of  the  censure 
of  American  historians,  he  was  certainly  the  friend  of  his  American  colo- 
nies. The  colonial  ambitions  of  the  English  people  were  fostered  by 
him  and  a  beginning  was  made  during  the  period  of  his  rule  in  that 
movement  which  has  scattered  the  civilization  of  the  English-speaking 
people  to  every  part  of  the  globe.  He  has  been  condemned  for  having 
advocated  the  appointment  of  merchants  to  the  official  positions  in  the 
London  Company,  as  well  as  for  the  character  of  the  men  whom  he 
recommended  and  sought  to  have  installed  in  those  positions.  His 
judgment,  however,  was  probably  better  than  that  of  those  who  cen- 
sured him,  and  his  friendly  feeling  and  generous  interest  in  the  affairs 
of  the  colony  are  shown  by  the  personal  activity  which  he  manifested 
in  the  proceedings  of  the  London  Company.  King  James  I  is  remem- 
bered throughout  the  English-speaking  world  by  the  authorized  or 
King  James  translation  of  the  Bible.  He  was  responsible  for  the 
Hampton  Court  conference  which  accomplished  this  translation.  He 
died  March  27,  1625,  and  is  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey. 


tt.  Jihe     naintiru)  My  yauL  P-tvn.  &ifiiter. 


^'o. 


Queen  Anne,  the  consort  of  James  I  of  England,  was  the  daughter  of 
Frederick  II,  King  of  Denmark.  She  married  James  in  1589,  before  he 
became  King  of  England.  Queen  Anne  manifested  a  deep  interest  in 
everything  that  concerned  the  Virginia  colony,  and  her  reception  to  Po- 
cahontas in  London  gave  a  distinct  impetus  to  the  general  interest  in 
American  affairs.  Rappahannock  River  was  at  one  time  called  for  her 
the  Anne  River,  and  Cape  Ann  in  Massachusetts  is  also  named  in  her 
honor.     She  died  in  1619. 


^hota  tn*j^o€uU 


John  Smith  was  born  at  Willoughby  In  1579,  of  poor  parents.  Unfor- 
tunately, most  of  the  accounts  of  his  life  are  based  on  his  own  writings. 
It  seems  probable  that  from  1599  on,  Smith  led  a  roving  and  adventur- 
ous life  which  carried  him  all  over  Europe.  It  is  not  known  exactly  when 
Captain  Smith  returned  to  England,  but  he  tells  us  that  he  became 
interested  in  the  Virginia  undertaking  two  years  before  the  first  colony 
set  out  under  the  London  Company  in  1606.  From  February  to  June, 
1607,  he  was  held  as  a  prisoner,  but  after  that  time  he  was  admitted  to 
the  Virginia  Council,  and  became  at  once  active  in  the  affairs  of  the  colony. 
In  the  winter  of  i6o7-'o8,  he  was  captured  by  the  Indians,  but  after  a 
short  captivity  was  permitted  to  return  to  Jamestown.  By  the  summer 
of  1608,  Smith  and  Scrivener  succeeded  in  deposing  the  only  other 
member  of  the  Virginia  Council,  and  Smith  became  its  president,  in 
which  office  he  remained  for  about  a  year.  In  September  of  1609, 
Smith  was  severely  wounded  by  the  explosion  of  a  bag  of  gunpowder, 
and  returned  to  England.  Five  years  later  he  made  a  voyage  to  the 
New  England  coast.  Captain  Smith  wrote  a  number  of  works  relating 
to  America.  Smith  died  in  1631,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Sepulchre's 
Church,  London. 


L^iptcufi/  QMyrtn/  QJ^mMv. 


St.  Sepulchre's  Church,  located  at  the  west  end  of  Newgate  Street, 
was  built  in  the  15th  century.  The  body  of  the  church,  however,  was 
burned  during  the  great  fire  of  1666.  It  has  several  times  been  repaired 
and  restored,  and  in  1 878-1 880,  the  entire  body  of  the  church  was  re- 
stored under  Mr.  Robert  Billing,  architect.  The  church  is  Gothic 
throughout.  Among  the  prominent  persons  buried  in  St.  Sepulchre's 
are  Roger  Ascham  and  Captain  John  Smith.  The  latter  was  buried 
"  on  the  south  side  of  the  Quire"  where  a  "table"  was  hung  containing 
an  inscription  very  suitable  to  his  character.  This  table  was  destroyed 
but  within  recent  years  has  been  replaced  by  his  admirers. 


7  *n0iy?tiint 


4 


(the   htJt^iaJ.  p/ar^  t>j   Caplt^on^  t^oruv  (h-triith/J 


:KUiMt  yfycuc.  £^n<iotu 


'LI70RMI 


Pocahontas,  whose  real  name  was  probably  Matoaka,  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia about  1596.  She  was  the  favorite  daughter  of  Powhatan,  the 
"  Emperor  of  the  Indians  in  Virginia."  According  to  Captain  Smith's 
accounts,  not  only  did  she  save  his  life  more  than  once,  but  it  was  due 
largely  to  her  influence  that  friendly  intercourse  was  established  with  the 
Indians  in  the  neighborhood  of  Jamestown  and  the  settlement  itself  pre- 
served from  destruction.  In  1613  she  was  taken  prisoner  by  Captain 
Argall,  and  was  held  as  a  hostage  at  Jamestown  for  several  months.  Soon 
afterward  she  married  John  Rolfe,  an  English  gentleman  who  came  to 
Jamestown  in  company  with  Sir  Thomas  Gates  and  Sir  George  Somers. 
In  1 6 16  Rolfe  and  Pocahontas  sailed  for  England  with  Sir  Thomas  Dale. 
She  immediately  became  the  fashion  of  the  hour,  was  wined  and  dined 
and  courted  in  the  social  life  of  London.  She  was  presented  at  court, 
and  was  entertained  by  the  Bishop  of  London  as  the  first  convert  to 
the  English  Church  in  Virginia.  A  year  later,  as  she  was  about  to  set 
sail  for  her  native  country,  she  died  at  Gravesend,  leaving  one  son, 
Thomas  Rolfe,  from  whom  are  descended  many  prominent  Virginians. 
She  was  buried  in  St.  George's  Church,  Gravesend. 


'!!> 


rtyti^'-e^xi 


.  JxHxvfi4>n/i 


'-a  A  . 


/  Of  THE    *^ 

fUWH/ERsiT' 


The  Church  of  St.  George,  at  Gravesend,  is  remembered  by  all 
Americans  familiar  with  Virginia  history.  It  is  visited  annually  by 
many  Americans  who  read  in  the  register  of  the  church  this  entry: 
"  Rebecca  Wrolfe,  wyffe  of  Thos.  Wrolfe,  gent,  a  Virginia  lady  born, 
was  buried  in  ye  chauncel."  Thus  the  parish  death  register  records  the 
burial  of  Pocahontas,  alias  Matoaka,  baptized  at  Jamestown  as  Rebecca. 
Some  Americans  proposed  that  a  memorial  be  erected  at  Gravesend  to 
Pocahontas,  but,  for  some  cause  or  other,  the  plan  was  never  carried 
through.  Of  late  years,  however,  a  rector  of  the  church  placed  a  marble 
there  to  the  "  Virginia  lady  born  "  with  a  brief  account  of  her  services 
in  saving  the  first  Virginia  colony. 


^%oti>^  .^nAyytiivC 


yCcUMt  -fi^aJX.  j'tnuL^ 


( jJie/ MiAr%43A'  .place'  oj  ~jLn/n^cea<i  ^Jcxi4iJi-orht<ui) 


or  THE  ^ 

[UNIVERSITY 

OF 
*£1L;  FORNIX. 


Sir  George  Somers  was  born  of  respectable  parentage  in  1554.  In 
1595  he  began  his  career  on  the  sea.  A  year  later  he  made  a  voyage  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  in  July,  1603,  he  was  knighted.  He  became  a 
member  of  Parliament,  but  his  seat  was  declared  vacant  by  reason  of  his 
absence  in  Virginia.  In  1609  he  set  sail  for  Virginia  as  Admiral  under 
the  new  charter  which  had  been  granted  by  King  James,  but  his  vessel 
was  wrecked  on  the  Bermuda  Islands  and  he  did  not  arrive  in  Virginia 
until  May,  1610.  He  found  the  colony  on  the  point  of  starvation,  and 
therefore  advised  the  abandonment  of  Jamestown.  The  settlers  had 
actually  set  sail  for  England  with  Somers,  but  returned  after  one  night's 
absence  on  learning  that  Lord  Delaware  had  just  entered  the  mouth  of 
James  River.  A  little  later  Somers  returned  to  the  Bermudas  to  secure 
supplies  for  the  Virginia  colony,  and  there,  in  November,  16 10,  he  died. 
His  body  was  carried  back  to  England  and  interred  at  Whitchurch  in 
Dorsetshire. 


S6fa^  nt^fy>iitit 


:>OJJtU  Jljfoit.  Joruit>n.. 


Qj^yt-   <.J^A>-r~q^^     QJ^ 


>c«or^ae^ 


>x>-m-eyro . 


OF  THE 

[UNIVERSITYj 

OF 


Sir  Thomas  Smythe  was  born  about  1558  and  received  his  education 
at  Oxford.  He  became  a  prominent  man  of  affairs  at  a  very  early  age, 
and  it  is  difficult  in  the  annals  of  the  times  to  distinguish  his  acts  from 
those  of  his  father,  who  bore  the  same  name.  He  is  probably,  however, 
the  same  Smythe  to  whom,  among  others,  Raleigh  in  1589  assigned  his 
interest  in  the  lands  of  Virginia.  He  was  one  of  the  incorporators  and 
the  first  Governor  of  the  East  India  Company  in  1600,  and  was  elected 
Sheriff  of  London  the  same  year.  He  was  knighted  by  King  James  in 
1 603,  and  a  year  later  was  sent  to  Russia  as  a  special  ambassador.  He  was 
a  member  of  the  first  Council  for  Virginia  in  1606,  continuing  as  a  Coun- 
cillor for  the  Virginia  Company  in  1609.  His  interest  in  the  Virginia 
enterprise  was  manifested  by  the  liberality  of  his  gifts  toward  the  under- 
taking, and  it  was  upon  him  very  largely  that  its  success  or  failure 
rested  during  the  period  of  its  darkest  outlook.  In  16 10  he  joined  a 
number  of  others  in  sending  Henry  Hudson  to  discover  the  Northwest 
Passage,  and  a  year  later  he  became  one  of  the  incorporators  and  the 
first  Governor  of  the  Northwest  Passage  Company.  For  years  he  con- 
tinued to  take  a  prominent  part  in  sending  out  voyages  of  discovery  to 
Greenland  and  other  points  of  the  globe.  In  1614  he  stood  solidly  in 
Parliament  for  the  interests  of  the  Virginia  and  East  India  Companies. 
Again  and  again  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the  East  India  Company 
in  spite  of  his  desire  to  retire.  When,  in  161 9,  he  declined  to  be- 
come a  candidate  for  the  treasurer  of  the  Virginia  Company,  there  were 
three  distinct  factions  within  the  Company,  one  under  the  leadership  of 
Robert  Rich,  Earl  of  Warwick,  the  second  consisting  chiefly  of  mer- 
chants under  the  leadership  of  Sir  Thomas  Smythe  himself,  and  the 
third  under  Sir  Edwin  Sandys.  The  first  and  third  parties,  having 
determined  to  unite  against  the  candidates  of  the  Smythe  faction,  suc- 
ceeded in  electing  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  to  the  treasurership.  In  1620 
Smythe  was  recommended  by  James  I  to  be  elected  treasurer  of  the 
Virginia  Company.  Though  the  Earl  of  Warwick  personally  came 
over  to  Smythe's  support,  the  Earl  of  Southampton,  was  chosen  treasurer 
of  the  Company.  Smythe  had  been  in  bad  health  for  many  years,  but 
he  continued  to  manifest  his  interest  in  the  affairs  of  the  Virginia  Com- 
pany. As  the  factions  grew  more  violent,  however,  he  began  to  see  the 
necessity  for  a  dissolution  of  the  Company.  When  King  James  dis- 
solved the  Company  by  a  writ  of  quo  warranto,  issued  by  Chief  Justice 
Ley,  Sir  Thomas  Smythe  became  a  member  of  the  Royal  Commission 
for  Virginia  affairs,  and  in  this  office  he  continued  until  he  died  at 
Tunbridge  in  1625. 


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y<^iuuJ6^.Jo,ui4^ 

OF 


Robert  Rich,  2nd  Earl  of  Warwick,  was  born  in  1587.  In  16 14  he 
became  member  of  Parliament,  and  two  years  later  he  joined  with  a 
number  of  others  in  sending  out  ships  to  take  Spanish  prizes.  These 
ships  coming  in  contact  with  the  fleet  of  the  East  India  Company,  there 
arose  an  acrimonious  controversy  between  Rich  and  the  members  of 
that  company,  and  the  charter  for  which  he  had  applied  granting  him  a 
monopoly  of  trade  in  Guinea  and  Binney  was  for  some  time  withheld. 
His  father  died  in  1619,  a  year  after  he  had  been  made  Earl  of  War- 
wick, and  Robert  Rich  succeeded  to  the  title.  The  same  year  he  be- 
came a  member  of  the  King's  Council  for  the  Virginia  Company.  He 
lent  his  influence  to  the  Sandys  party  in  their  efibrt  to  control  the  affairs 
of  the  Virginia  Company,  and  later  he  became  the  leader  of  the  party 
opposed  to  the  Earl  of  Southampton.  After  the  Virginia  Company 
was  dissolved  in  1624,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Council  in  England 
for  Virginia  affairs.  Between  1627  and  1654  he  was  almost  continu- 
ously Governor  of  the  Bermudas  Company.  He  was  president  also  of 
the  New  England  Council.  Warwick  River,  now  Warwick  County, 
Virginia,  was  named  in  honor  of  him.  In  1643  he  was  chosen  by 
Parliament  to  be  Governor  of  all  the  islands  and  plantations  belonging 
to  any  of  His  Majesty's  subjects  in  America.  Five  years  later  he  was 
made  Lord  High  Admiral  by  Parliament.  During  the  Revolution  he 
took  sides  with  Cromwell.     In  1658  he  died. 


//^IllHl-  ^iJH^'Aflv" 


[UNIVERSITY 


Henry  Wriothesley,  third  Earl  of  Southampton,  was  born  October  6, 
1573,  and  succeeded  to  the  title  of  his  father  in  1581.  He  graduated 
from  Cambridge  with  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  He  was  a  friend 
and  patron  of  Shakespeare,  who  dedicated  to  him  his  Venus  and  Adonis 
and  the  Rape  of  Lucrece.  In  1601  he  was  tried  and  found  guilty  for 
the  part  he  had  played  in  the  Essex  Rebellion,  but  his  sentence  was 
stayed,  and,  after  the  death  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  he  was  released  from  the 
Tower.  In  1602  he  became  interested  in  the  establishment  of  a  colony 
in  Virginia,  and  from  that  time  till  his  death  he  was  a  patron  of  many 
expeditions  for  discovery  and  colonization.  He  was  one  of  His 
Majesty's  Council  for  Virginia  under  the  charter  of  1609,  and  in  June, 
1620,  was  unanimously  chosen  treasurer  of  the  Virginia  Company,  in 
which  office  he  continued  until  the  dissolution  of  the  charter  in  1624. 
In  the  same  year  he  died.  He  was  a  man  of  acquired  talents  and  polite 
accomplishments,  although  of  no  very  great  strength  of  mind  and 
character.  He  was  the  nominal  head  of  the  Liberal  faction  of  the 
Company,  of  which  Edwin  Sandys  was  the  real  leader. 


^Mi/  fn*}ff^i*nt 


iC*ii^J6^: 


OF  THE 

NtVERSIT  I'j 


Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  born  in  1561,  was  educated  at  Oxford,  receiving  the 
Bachelor  of  Arts  degree  from  Corpus  Christi  College  in  1579.  Going 
to  Scotland  after  extended  travels  on  the  continent,  he  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  King  James  of  Scotland,  and  came  with  him  to  London,  when  he 
was  made  King  of  England  in  1603.  He  was  for  seven  years  a  member 
of  Parliament  for  Stockbridge.  In  1607  he  became  a  member  of  the 
Council  for  Virginia,  and  continued  in  1609  as  a  member  of  the  Council 
for  the  Company.  During  the  illness  of  Sir  Thomas  Smythe,  Sir  Edwin 
acted  as  his  assistant  in  the  management  of  the  affairs  of  the  Virginia 
Company,  and  in  1619  he  succeeded  Smythe  as  the  treasurer  of  the  Com- 
pany. He  had  himself  drafted  the  Virginia  charters  of  1609  and  161 2, 
and  when,  after  a  stormy  election,  he  was  chosen  member  of  Parliament 
for  Sandwich,  he  notified  the  Company  that  he  was  about  to  prepare  a 
new  charter  for  them.  During  the  recess  of  Parliament  of  1621  and 
1622,  he  was  committed  to  jail,  much  to  the  indignation  of  many  of  the 
members  of  the  House  of  Commons.  It  does  not  appear  exactly  what 
his  offense  may  have  been,  but  presumably  it  was  because  of  his  activity 
in  the  affairs  of  the  Virginia  Company  and  his  opposition  to  the  crown. 
In  all  controversies  within  the  Virginia  Company,  he  and  the  Earl  of 
Southampton  were  usually  the  leaders  who  advocated  a  liberal  policy 
toward  the  colony.  He  was  a  man  of  great  eloquence,  and  the  Smythe 
faction  twitted  him  and  Ferrar  for  being  men  of  more  discourse  than 
reason.  The  merchant  element  of  the  Company  were  able  to  convince 
King  James,  however,  of  their  sincerity  and  of  their  business  ability. 
They  denied  many  of  the  glowing  pictures  about  Virginia  which  the 
Sandys  element  tried  to  produce.  In  the  Parliament  of  i62i-'22,  Sir 
Edwin  was  the  leader  of  a  great  movement  against  the  monopolistic 
corporations  which  had  had  their  beginning  in  1604.  Sandys  was  a 
member  of  Parliament  throughout  the  period  of  struggle  within  the 
Virginia  Company  and  even  for  a  few  years  afterward.      He  died  in  1629. 


JCxlUit  yfifoU.  lomian 


XPUr-    &>Ai4M^/    &^rtcLu^ . 


OF  THE 
of  I. 


William  Cavendish,  first  Earl  of  Devonshire,  the  second  son  of  Sir 
William  Cavendish,  was  born  about  1550.  His  mother  was  a  woman 
prominent  in  the  history  of  England,  of  feminine  beauty  and  masculine 
intellect.  He  became  a  member  of  Parliament  for  Newport  in  1588 
and  sheriff  of  Derbyshire  in  1594.  He  became  interested  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  colony  in  Virginia  and  was  prominent  in  the  movement 
by  which  the  Bermudas  were  incorporated  in  the  territory  of  Virginia  in 
1612.  In  1 61 8  he  was  created  Earl  of  Devonshire.  He  was  prominent 
on  the  side  of  the  Sandys  faction  in  the  struggle  within  the  London 
Company  in  1623.  March  3,  1626,  he  died,  and  was  buried  at  Endsore 
near  Chatsworth. 


f*t-6r   f>i>i,K.>^"'/ 


'QtMeft  JCjait .  .itwtii; 


JCjait.  .i.-^ 


Nicholas  Ferrar,  the  Elder,  born  in  1546,  became  one  of  those  mer- 
chant adventurers  who  trafficked  on  a  large  scale  between  England  and 
the  East  and  West  Indies.  On  his  death  in  1620,  he  bequeathed  jC^oo 
for  the  establishment  of  a  college  in  Virginia  "to  be  paid  when  there 
shall  be  ten  of  the  Infidels  children  placed  in  it,  and  in  the  mean  time 
24  pounds  by  the  yeare  to  be  dispersed  unto  three  discreete  and  godly 
men  in  the  Colonic,  which  shall  honestly  bring  up  three  of  the  Infidels 
children  in  Christian  Religion,  and  some  good  course  to  live  by."  He 
was  allied  with  the  Liberal  faction  of  the  London  Company. 


r  -mMtirUni 


^oMtU  X>^  _&nde^ 


a-^t^a^^L-. 


^ 


OF  THE 

[UNIVERSIT' 

OF 


Nicholas  Ferrar,  the  Younger,  born  in  1 593,  was  the  son  of  Nicholas, 
the  Elder.  A  precocious  child,  he  graduated  from  Cambridge  with  the 
degree  of  Master  of  Arts  at  the  age  of  twenty.  After  traveling  abroad, 
he  returned  to  England  and  became  a  member  of  the  Council  for  the 
Virginia  Company  in  161 9.  From  1622  to  the  time  of  the  dissolution 
of  the  Company,  he  was  its  deputy  treasurer,  and  it  was  during  this  period 
that  he  performed  the  work  for  which  he  is  chiefly  remembered.  Prob- 
ably he  realized  the  imminent  danger  which  threatened  the  Company. 
At  any  rate  he  caused  to  be  made  accurate  copies  of  the  Virginia  records. 
These  copies  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  Earl  of  Southampton,  and 
after  the  death  of  the  third  and  fourth  Earls,  these  priceless  manuscripts 
were  bought  by  William  Byrd,  the  first  of  the  name  in  Virginia.  From 
the  Byrd  family,  they  passed  to  WilHam  Stith,  President  of  William  and 
Mary  College.  They  next  found  their  way  to  the  library  of  Peyton 
Randolph,  and  after  his  death  they  were  secured  by  Thomas  Jefferson. 
When  the  Library  of  Congress  bought  from  Mr.  Jefferson  his  library, 
these  manuscripts  were  included  in  the  purchase.  After  the  dissolution 
of  the  Virginia  Company,  Nicholas  Ferrar  became  a  distinguished  member 
of  the  House  of  Commons.  Later  in  life  he  retired  to  Huntingdon- 
shire, where  he  established  a  peculiar  monastic  retreat.  In  the  retire- 
ment of  this  cloister,  Ferrar  spent  the  closing  days  of  his  life. 


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4 


Edward  Sackville,  4th  Earl  of  Dorset,  was  born  in  1590  and  re- 
ceived his  education  at  Oxford.  In  1620  he  went  to  the  continent  in 
command  of  the  troops  sent  to  assist  the  Elector  Palatine.  He  was 
prominent  in  the  official  life  of  England  during  his  time,  serving  as  a 
member  of  Parliament,  as  an  ambassador  to  France,  and  as  a  member  of 
the  Privy  Council.  He  succeeded  to  the  title  of  the  Earl  of  Dorset  on 
the  death  of  his  brother  in  1624.  During  the  struggles  which  arose 
in  the  Virginia  Company  between  1622  and  1624,  he  took  sides  with 
the  Southampton  faction.  In  the  years  that  followed  the  dissolution 
of  the  Virginia  Company,  he  strove  manfully  along  with  George  Sandys 
to  secure  the  reestablishment  of  the  Company.  Four  times  did  he 
make  special  appeals  to  King  Charles  for  this  purpose,  but  the  oppo- 
sition of  the  planters  themselves  defeated  all  his  efforts.  His  last  at- 
tempt was  made  in  1642.     Ten  years  later  he  died. 


fiffrr  the.    ^nx^'fttirt.a    6y    yrt^v   ^J.-u-cJc' . 


Charles  I,  the  second  son  of  James  I,  was  born  November  19,  1600, 
and  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father  twenty-five  years 
later.  He  was  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  notion  which  his  father 
had  held,  that  a  king  ruled  by  divine  right.  He  pushed  his  royal  pre- 
rogative to  the  point  of  a  conflict  with  Parliament,  which  resulted  in 
a  civil  war  and  the  loss  of  his  own  head  in  1649.  ^^i^  name  survives 
at  several  geographical  points  in  America.  Cape  Charles,  Charles 
City  (now  City  Point)  and  Charles  City  County  in  Virginia,  and  the 
Charles  River  in  Massachusetts  were  all  named  in  his  honor.  To  him 
Virginia  owes  the  continuation  of  representative  government  after  the 
dissolution  of  the  London  Company. 


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George  Sandys,  brother  of  Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  was  born  in  1577.  He 
was  educated  at  Oxford  University  and  traveled  extensively  through 
Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  fine  accomplishments 
and  some  literary  attainments.  He  joined  the  Virginia  Company,  and 
in  1 62 1,  having  been  chosen  treasurer  of  the  colony,  he  went  over  to 
Virginia,  where  he  remained  at  least  until  1628.  There  he  translated 
fifteen  books  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses.  After  the  dissolution  of  the 
Virginia  Company,  he  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  Royal  Commission 
for  the  government  of  Virginia.  After  his  return  from  Virginia,  he  be- 
came a  gentleman  of  the  King's  Privy  Chamber.  When,  in  1638,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  reestablish  the  London  Company,  he  was  chosen 
the  agent  for  the  Virginia  Assembly  to  oppose  the  movement  in  Lon- 
don. Unfortunately,  he  misunderstood  his  instructions  and  submitted 
a  petition  from  the  colonists  in  favor  of  a  rechartering  of  the  Company. 
The  Assembly,  however,  hastened  to  refute  the  petition  and  the  King 
assured  them  that  the  Company  would  not  be  reincorporated.  Sandys 
died  in  1 644,  at  Bexley  Abbey  in  Kent,  the  seat  of  his  niece,  the  widow 
of  Governor  Wyatt  of  Virginia. 


George  Calvert  was  born  about  1580  in  Yorkshire.  After  receiving 
his  A.B.  at  Oxford,  1597,  he  entered  public  life  under  the  patronage  of 
Sir  Robert  Cecil.  He  held  many  prominent  offices,  among  them 
secretary  of  the  Privy  Council  and  Secretary  of  State.  He  was  deeply 
interested  in  England's  colonial  policy,  was  a  stockholder  in  the  East 
India  Company,  the  London  Company  and  the  New  England 
Company.  As  early  as  1621,  he  sent  settlers  to  plant  a  colony  in 
Newfoundland.  On  the  dissolution  of  the  London  Company,  he  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  commission  to  wind  up  the  affairs  of  the 
Company,  and  later  he  was  made  a  member  of  the  committee  of  the 
King's  Council  for  plantation  affairs.  In  1625,  he  was  created  Lord 
Baltimore.  He  was  a  warm  friend  and  adviser  on  colonial  matters  of 
both  James  I  and  Charles  I,  and  by  the  latter  was  granted  a  large  sec- 
tion out  of  Virginia  north  of  the  Potomac  for  a  settlement.  He  died  in 
1632,  before  his  plans  could  be  put  into  operation.  His  rights  were 
transmitted  to  his  son,  under  whose  direction  Maryland  was  first  settled. 


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14  DAY  USE 

I^ETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WmCH  BORROWED 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subjea  to  immediate  recall. 

28Mar'57GB 


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